GETOPT(3)

NAME
getopt - get option character from command line argument list

SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
extern char *optarg;
extern int optind;
extern int optopt;
extern int opterr;
extern int optreset;
int
getopt(int argc, char * const *argv, const char *optstring);

DESCRIPTION
The getopt() function incrementally parses a command line argument list argv and returns the next known option character. An option character is known if it has been specified in the string of accepted option characters, optstring.

The option string optstring may contain the following elements: individual characters, and characters followed by a colon to indicate an option argument is to follow. For example, an option string "x" recognizes an option “-x”, and an option string "x:" recognizes an option and argument “-x argument”. It does not matter to getopt() if a following argument has leading white space.

On return from getopt(), optarg points to an option argument, if it is anticipated, and the variable optind contains the index to the next argv argument for a subsequent call to getopt(). The variable optopt saves the last known option character returned by getopt().

The variable opterr and optind are both initialized to 1. The optind variable may be set to another value before a set of calls to getopt() in order to skip over more or less argv entries.

In order to use getopt() to evaluate multiple sets of arguments, or to evaluate a single set of arguments multiple times, the variable optreset must be set to 1 before the second and each additional set of calls to getopt(), and the variable optind must be reinitialized.

The getopt() function returns -1 when the argument list is exhausted, or a non-recognized option is encountered. The interpretation of options in the argument list may be cancelled by the option ‘--’ (double dash) which causes getopt() to signal the end of argument processing and returns -1. When all options have been processed (i.e., up to the first non-option argument), getopt() returns -1.

DIAGNOSTICS
If the getopt() function encounters a character not found in the string optstring or detects a missing option argument it writes an error message to stderr and returns ‘’?. Setting opterr to a zero will disable these error messages. If optstring has a leading ‘’: then a missing option argument causes a ‘’: to be returned in addition to suppressing any error messages.

Option arguments are allowed to begin with “-”; this is reasonable but reduces the amount of error checking possible.

EXTENSIONS
The optreset variable was added to make it possible to call the getopt() function multiple times. This is an extension to the p1003.2 specification.

EXAMPLE
    extern char *optarg;
    extern int optind;
    int bflag, ch, fd;
    bflag = 0;
    while ((ch = getopt(argc, argv, "bf:")) != -1)
    	switch(ch) {
    	case 'b':
    		bflag = 1;
    		break;
    	case 'f':
    		if ((fd = open(optarg, O_RDONLY, 0)) < 0) {
    			(void)fprintf(stderr,
    			    "myname: %s: %s\n", optarg, strerror(errno));
    			exit(1);
    		}
    		break;
    	case '?':
    	default:
    		usage();
    }
    argc -= optind;
    argv += optind;

HISTORY
The getopt() function appeared 4.3BSD.

BUGS
The getopt() function was once specified to return EOF instead of -1. This was changed by p1003.2-92 to decouple getopt() from <stdio.h>.

A single dash “-” may be specified as an character in optstring, however it should never have an argument associated with it. This allows getopt() to be used with programs that expect “-” as an option flag. This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current development. It is provided for backward compatibility only. By default, a single dash causes getopt() to return -1. This is, we believe, compatible with System V.

It is also possible to handle digits as option letters. This allows getopt() to be used with programs that expect a number (“-3”) as an option. This practice is wrong, and should not be used in any current development. It is provided for backward compatibility only. The following code fragment works in most cases.

    int length;
    char *p;
    while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "0123456789")) != -1)
    	switch (c) {
    	case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
    	case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
    		p = argv[optind - 1];
    		if (p[0] == '-' && p[1] == ch && !p[2])
    			length = atoi(++p);
    		else
    			length = atoi(argv[optind] + 1);
    		break;
    	}
    }